‘Authoritarian and anti-democratic’: Consultations set to begin on controversial Quebec constitution bill

A draft constitution tabled two months ago by the Quebec government was supposed to be a unifying declaration of Quebecers’ common values, but it has instead been denounced as ill-conceived, divisive and authoritarian. 

Critics say the constitution bill would erode human rights and limit dissent, and could reopen an unnecessary debate on abortion. Some civil society groups are calling for it to be withdrawn outright. 

“Bill 1, the Quebec Constitutional Act, 2025, is a deliberate attack on democracy and human rights,” a coalition of Quebec civil society organizations said in a joint statement. “The process is unilateral and rushed, and does not meet any of the democratic criteria for drafting a legitimate constitution. Furthermore, it perpetuates a colonial mindset by denying Indigenous people’s right to self-determination.

“Instead of addressing the issues that actually concern citizens (health, education, housing, the environment, gender equality, the cost of living, etc.), the government is attacking rights and freedoms, checks and balances, and the rule of law.”

Wide-ranging consultations on the draft legislation will begin on Thursday and will continue into the new year. Justice Minister Simon Jolin-Barrette agreed to open the consultations to the general public as a gesture of goodwill, after being criticized for drafting the bill behind closed doors. More than 200 individuals and groups are scheduled to appear.

The coalition of 318 civil society organizations, which announced it would not to participate in the consultations, says the legislation should have been drafted through an open process.

“The government chose to act in isolation, without prior public consultation and without taking into account the criteria established in international law, which recommend broad, participatory processes that respect the rights of all,” the group’s statement reads.

Anaïs Bussières McNicoll, director of fundamental freedoms at the Canadian Civil Liberties Association, says that drafting the bill without prior consultation is a fatal flaw.

“Bill 1 was drafted behind closed doors without prior consultations. This shortcoming is fatal to its political legitimacy,” she said.

“It’s called a ‘constitution’ but in reality it’s taking away from all Quebecers the protections that we have,” said Laurence Guénette, spokesperson for the Quebec Civil Liberties Union.

Guénette also warned that the bill could be amended with a simple majority vote, a level of flexibility critics say is inappropriate for a constitutional document.

The Coalition Avenir Québec majority does not need cooperation from other parties to pass the law.

“I’m very pessimistic that there will be anything changed,” said Stéphane Beaulac, a constitutional law professor at Université de Montréal. 

What does the bill include?

The constitution bill is intended to protect Quebec’s distinct identity and culture while boosting the province’s autonomy within Canada. It outlines a set of “founding principles,” including secularism, equality between men and women, the right to abortion and the status of French as the only common language of Quebec. 

It also spells out a process for the Quebec premier to recommend candidates for Senate and Supreme Court seats, as well as for the lieutenant-governor position, which would be renamed the “officer of Quebec.”

Some of the loudest criticisms of the bill have focused on a provision that would forbid organizations that receive public funding from using that money to pay for court challenges of laws deemed to protect “the fundamental characteristics of Quebec.” The move is in part a response to legal challenges of Bill 21, Quebec’s secularism law, which is currently before the Supreme Court of Canada. 

Jolin-Barrette has said such cases must now be financed “in some other way than by using Quebecers’ money.”

Marcel-Olivier Nadeau, president of the Quebec bar association, said the ban would effectively prohibit court challenges. “What money are they going to use?” he said. “Attacking those who in the past have expressed opinions contrary to our own, that is quite authoritarian.”

Mounting criticism

In a brief submitted to the National Assembly, a group representing Quebec universities warned the bill could prevent challenges of laws that threaten academic freedom and could create “a climate of institutional self-censorship.”

Several groups have also raised concerns about the government’s move to enshrine the right to abortion in the new constitution, which they say would give anti-abortion groups an opportunity to challenge the provision in court and try to restrict abortion access.

In an open letter published Wednesday in Quebec newspaper Le Devoir, more than 400 doctors called on Jolin-Barrette to remove the reference to abortion from the bill. 

“Any law on abortion ultimately becomes a law against abortion,” the letter reads. “What was intended as a floor becomes… a ceiling: a limit to be attacked, restricted — the dream of the anti-abortion movement.”

Jolin-Barrette told reporters on Wednesday that his goal is to protect the right to abortion, though he suggested he was open to modifying the bill to reassure critics. He said women’s rights have come under attack in Western countries, and he wants to ensure safeguards are in place. 

“We have five Supreme Court judgments in Canada that protect the right to abortion,” said Jess Legault, general coordinator of the Quebec Federation for Family Planning. “The gesture is symbolic but the risks are very real.”

Jolin-Barrette told reporters Wednesday he is open to modifying the bill to address concerns.

“I will listen to them, I will hear their suggestions and recommendations, and I will consider them with an open mind,” he said. “I am still open to ideas.”

Coalition speaks out

The coalition of 318 Quebec civil society organizations, headed by the the Ligue des droits et libertés (LDL), includes affordable housing advocacy groups, environmental organizations, civil liberties groups, community groups, and unions, among others.

They are calling for the complete withdrawal of the bill.

“We want to denounce the opaque, authoritarian, and anti-democratic process used by the government to prepare and present its draft constitution,” said Paul-Étienne Rainville with the LDL. “The government has not respected any of the criteria established by the UN for the adoption of a democratic and legitimate constitution. That is why we call on all of Quebec society to reject it outright.”

“To be legitimate, a constitution must be the result of prior consultation with the entire population, including marginalized groups. This type of text must seek to guarantee the fundamental rights of the people and to prevent any attempts to introduce an authoritarian regime. Bill 1 fails on all counts,” added McNicoll.

“Bill 1 significantly reduces democratic space, undermines the independence of social movements, and directly threatens Quebec’s model of autonomous community action (ACA), based on the defence of rights, citizen participation, and social transformation,” said Claudia Fiore-Leduc with the Réseau québécois de l’action communautaire autonome (RQ-ACA).

The legislation also has proponents, including Droits collectifs Québec, a group that supports Quebecers’ linguistic and constitutional rights. “(The bill) includes numerous and significant legal and constitutional advances for Quebec,” the group said in its brief, adding that there should have been more consultation as it was being drafted. 

UN asked to look into constitution bill

Earlier this week, the Quebec chapter of the International Commission of Jurists Canada asked the United Nations to look into the constitution bill, claiming it infringes on universal human rights. In its submission, the group said the legislation places the collective rights of the “Quebec nation” above those of individuals, minorities and Indigenous peoples. 

Beaulac, who heads the Quebec chapter, has sent the submission to 10 different UN special rapporteurs and hopes they may pressure the Quebec government to reconsider the legislation.

“It is illiberalism. It is a slippery slope,” he said, adding that the bill is destined to wind up in court if it becomes law. “We are going down a rabbit hole.”